Yes, depreciation is fully included in the cost model. Capital costs are a critical component of cost-of-goods calculations and are often underestimated. To ensure accuracy, capital is broken into multiple categories—process equipment, facility infrastructure, and automation—and each is depreciated on an appropriate timeline. 

 For example, process equipment is typically depreciated over 8–10 years, facilities over 20–30 years, and automation systems on separate schedules. All of these costs are averaged and incorporated into the batch cost, ensuring the $50/g target reflects the full economic reality of manufacturing. 

Process intensification is highly applicable in outsourced manufacturing, particularly within CDMOs. In fact, CDMOs are among the most active adopters because they operate multi-product facilities and must consistently optimize capacity, flexibility, and turnaround time to remain competitive. 

 The most transferable strategies are those that increase operational agility—especially intensified and connected downstream processing. Reducing downstream processing time from several days to one or two days can significantly improve throughput and allow CDMOs to integrate new projects more efficiently. 

 From an ecosystem perspective, adoption is driven through collaboration. By connecting sponsors, CDMOs, and technology providers—and by demonstrating real-world feasibility through partnerships and case studies—these strategies can be successfully implemented even in outsourced environments.